grammer

EXPRESSING OPINION

• Asking other people opinions

• What do you think of …..

• Is that right (true) that …..

• Do you think it’s going …..

• Why do they behave like that ?

• Do you have any idea ?

• How do you like ….?

• Please give me your frank opinion

• What’s your opinion?

• Expressing Opinions

• In my opinion ….

• I personally believe

• I personally think

• Not everyone feel agree with me, but ….

• To my mind ….

• From my point of view

• As I see it ….

• I think ….

• I believe ….

• I feel …

• I am certain / sure / positive / convinced

• I agree

• I disagree

• It seems that …

• Well, personally …

• If I had my way, would ….

• What I am more concened with is

• In my case …

• Absolutely

EXPRESSING AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT

• Saying that you agree

• Yes, agree with you

• I’m sure you’re right

• That’s right (quite true)

• I think so too

• I absolutely agree

• That’s exactly what I think

• Yes, I suppose so

• I don’t have any objection

• Saying that you don’t agree politely

• I see your point, but

• Yes, may be right, but …

• I don’t entirely agree with …

• You may be right, but …

• Do you think so ?

• I see what you mean, but …

• To some extent, yes, but …

• I don’t think so …

• I don’t agree with you

• I not sure I agree with you

• I don’t like the idea

Gambit for making a conclusion and persuading people

• To make conclusion

To make conclusion, we can use these expressions :

• 1. In conclusion …..

  2. Therefore ….

  3. To conclude ….

  4. On the whole ….

  5. From the statement …

  6. From the facts above …

  7. On this basis …

  8. We state that …

  9. We conclude that …..

  10. We agree that ….

• Make sentences using phrases which are commonly used in a persuasion talk

  1. I can conclude from the statistics that our business profits are going to decline this year

  2. Fastfood hambungers are unhealthy to eat. My opinion is based on the fact they are extremely high in salt, fat and sugar

  3. As I see it, we have only one option. We must not permit the use of handguns by anyone but law-enforcement people

PASSIVE VOICE

• Passive pattern

S + to be + past participle + complement

• For the passive continuous we use pattern

S + to be being + past participle

COMPLEX SENTENCES

The complex sentences has two parts :

An independent clause and an dependent clause

• Independent Clause

The independent clause is complete though and can stand as a sentences by it self. It consist of an important idea.

• The independent clause, however, is not complete tough. It dependent on the independent clause to get its meaning.

The dependent clause can come before or after the independent clause in complex sentences. If it come before, it is generally separated from the independent clause by comma. But if it comes after the independent clause it doesn’t have comma.

Here are several of the most common dependent words

1. To express time : after, before, since, until, when, while, as.

2. To express cause : because, since, as.

3. To express condition : if, unless.

4. To express contrast : although, even though, though.

5. To express purpose : that, when, where, which, who.

Of identification

LINKING VERB (Relation Process)

Example :

• Some of these illnesses are so bad

• The city is very busy

• She has a book

• They get angry

• It becomes fat

The underline words above are called LINKING VERB

Here is a list of relational process

Be ( is,am,are)	Feel	Keep	Indicate
Be (was,were)	Became	Weigh	Refer to
Seem	Remain	Stay	Reflect
Appear	Turn	Cost	Portray
Sound	Grow	Measure	Function
Look	Go	Make	Act
Taste	Run	Realize	Reveral
Smell	Come	Denote	Represent

CONNECTIVES

In the text

• Firstly, car contribute to most of the pollution in the world

• Secondly, the city is very busy

• Thirdly, car are very noisy

Word such as firstly, secondly, and thirdly are called CONNECTIVES

Ordering and evaluating

Firstly, secondly, thirdly, after, then, finally, furthermore, ultimately, the most important, most of all.

Contrast :

Although, however, where as, on the other hand, yet, un like.

Comparison :

Also, in addition, as well as, neither, similarly.

Explaining :

Because, since, therefore, thus, hence, consequently

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose	- to persuade by presnting arguments
	- to analyse or explain
Language feature	- emotive words such as : alarmed, worrled
	- words that qualify statements, such as usual, probably
	- word that link argument such as : firstly, however, on the
	other hand, therefore
	- usually present tense
	- compound and complex sentences
Audience	- who are you writing for ?
	- why are you writing this exposition
Text organization	- athesis
	- arguments
	- reiteration
Types	- letters to the editor
	- plead in a triol cose
	- speeches
	- advertising

• Saying that you don’t agree

• We will never agree

• Not at all / not really

• I disagree

• I think that’s nonsense

Form and meaning of the model Auxilaries

Will : future time ……………. ( be going to )

Can : ability …………………..( be able to )

May : permission …………….. ( be permited to, have permission to )

Might : possibility ……………… ( it is possible that … )

Should : obligation, desirability …. ( ought to )

Must : interference ……………… ( I conclude that ….

Conclusion

Probability it is proable that …)

Necessty ( have to )

Notes :

• The modal auxiliaries do not change their from for person or number

• The normal position for the modal

(+) S + modal + V1

(-) S + modal + not + V1

(?) modal + S + V1